Ideas1. Optical VorticesOptical vortices is the phase singularity of the beam, or the zero intensity of a beam. Helical phase fronts of beams can be arranged so that they cancel each other out in the center, creating a doughnut-like shape. They can be created by different methods, such as traversing a beam through a spiral phase plate, using computer generated holograms, or converting HG modes into LG modes. Higher-order Bessel beams can also be characterized by vortices.
2. Optical TweezersUsing 3. Mode Conversion
4. AxiconsAxicons are used to transform LG or just Gaussian beams into approximations of Bessel beams by linearization of spatial components. It can also transform LG beams into high-intensity annuli.
5. Far field vs. Near fieldTEST EQUATIONS
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